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LIBRARY OF CONGRESS. 

d]^. iap^ng|i !f 0. 

Shelf .u.ii.!:4.£ 



UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 



i% A#«^^ 



'k 



Cmim HEALTH PRIMER 




"WASTING MONEY. (See page 119.) 



ST. LOUIS EDITION 



CHILD'S 



HEA 



D 



H 



FOR PRIMARY CLASSES 



PUBLIC AND PRIVATE SCHOOLS 






Copyright, 1885, 1880 



John L. Boland 

610 AND 612 WASHINGTON AV. 
ST LOUIS, MO. 



av^l 



I 




As tliis little book goes to press, Massacliusetts, by 
an act of its leg-islature, is made tlie fourteenth, state 
in tills country tlrat requires tire i:)upils in tire primary, 
as "well as in tire liiglrer grades of public schools, to 
be taugbt tlie effects of alcoholics and other narcotics 
upon tire liuman system, in connection witli otlier 
facts of physiology and hygiene. 

The object of all this legislation is, not that the 
future citizen may knoAY the technical names of 
bones, nerves, and muscles, but that ho nray have a 
fimclu and forewarnhig knoAvledge of the eiiects of 
alcohol and narcotics upon the human body, and 
therefore upon life and character. 

With every reason in favor of such education, 
and the law^ requiring it, its practical tests in the 
school-room will result in failure, unless there shall 
be ready for teacher and scholar, a well-arranged, 



Vi PREFACE. 

simple, and practical book, l)ringiiig these trutlis 
down to tlie capacity of tlae cliild. 

A few years lience, Avlieii tlie results of tliis study 
in our Xorraal Scliools sliall l)c realized in tlie 
preparation of tire teaclier, we can depend upon lier 
adapting oral lessons from advanced works on this 
theme, but now, the average primary teacher brings 
to this study no experience, and limited previous 
study. 

To meet this need, this ^vork has been prepared. 
Technical terms hav(3 been avoided, and only such 
facts of i)liysiology developed as are necessary to the 
treatment of the effects of alcohol, tobacco, and 
opium, and of the other truths of hygiene. 

To the children in the Primary Schools of this 
country, for whom it was prepared, this work is 
dedicated. 




" i^>=«> 



Frontispiece . 
Title-page . . . . 
Preface .... 
Contents . . . . 
I. — Joints and Bones 
II. — Muscles . . . . 
ILL — Xerves .... 
lA^. — What is Alcohol?. 

v.— Grain 

YI. — Distilling . . . . 
YII. — Alcohol .... 
Yin.— Tobacco 



PAGE 

2 
3 

5 



IX. — Opium. 



21 
27 
39 
45 
49 
53 
55 
59 



X. — What are Organs? 



61 



viii C X T E X T s . 

CHAPTER PAGE 

XL — AVhat doe;s the Body Xeed for Food?. ... 71 

XII.— How Food Becomes Part of tht: Bidy. ... 79 

XIII. — Strength 85 

XIV.— The Heart 91 

XV.— The Lungs 95 

XAT— The Skin 101 

XAHL— The Senses 107" 

XVIIL— Heat AND Cold 113 

XIX.— Wasted Mosey 118 



OIIAPTEE I. 

JOINTS AND BONES. 



n^ e 



^iiT}g)ITTLE girls like a jointed doll to play 
'i^ "^i'^li because tliey can bend such, a doll 




Jointed dolls. 

in eig-lit or ten places, make it stand or sit, 
or can even play tliat it is Aval king. 



10 JOINTS AND BONES. 

As you study your oayii l^odios to-day, you 
Avill find tliat you eacli, liave l^etter joints 
tlian any dolls tliat can bo bougdit at a toy 
shop. 

HINGE-JOINTS. 

Some of your joints ^vork like tlie liinges 
of a door, and these ai'e called hinge-joints. 

You can find them in your ellboA\^S5 knees, 
lingers, and toes. 

lIoAV many hinge-joints can you find? 

Think ho^v many hinges must he used 
hy the hoy avIio takes off his hat and makes 
a polite hoAY to his teacher, ^s^hen she meets 
him on the street. 

HoAv many hinges do j^ou use in running 
up-stairs, opening the door, huttoning your 
coat or 3^our hoots, playing hall or digging 
in your garden ? 

Tou see that avc use these hinges nearly 
all the time. We could not do A^ithout 
them. 

BALL AND SOCKET JOINTS. 

All our joints are not hinge-joints. 

Your shoulder has a joint tliat lets your 



BALL AND SOCKET JOINTS. 



11 



arm s^^iiig round and round, as avoII as move 
up and doAvn. 

Tour liip lias anotlier tliat lets your leg 
move In mucli tlie same ^vay. 




The hip-joint. 

This kind of joint is tlie round end or ball 
of a long bone, "wliicli moves in a liole, called 
a socket. 

Tour joints do not creak or get out of or- 
der, as tliose of doors and gates sometimes 
do. A soft, smootli fluid, mucli like tlie wkite 
of an ^^^, keeps tliem moist and makes them 
Avork easily. 



12 



JOINTS AND BONES. 



BONES. 

What parts of our bodies are jointed to- 
g-etlier so nicely ? Our bones. 

How many bones bave Ave ? 

If you sbould count all your bones, you 
would find that each of you has about two 
hundred. 

Some are large ; and some, ^:reYy small. 

There are long- bones in your leg\s and 
arms, and many short ones in your hngers 
and toes. The backbone is called the spine. 




Backbone of a fish. 

If you look at the backbone of a fish, you 
can see that it is made up of many little 
bones. Your OAvn spine is formed in much 
the same Tvaj^, of tv^enty-four small bones. 
An elastic cushion of gristle (gpis'i) fits nicely 
in betAveen each little bone and the next. 

When 3"ou bend, these cushions are pressed 
together on one side and stretched on the 



BONES. 13 

otiier. Tliey settle back into tlieir first sliape, 
as soon as 3^ou stand straiglit again. 

If you ever rode In a Avlieelbarro^^, or a 
cart T\^itliout springs, you kno^v TNrliat a jolt- 
ing it gave you. These little spring cusliions 
keep you from being sliaken even more se- 
verely every time you move. 

Twenty-four ribs, t^velve on eacli side, 
curve around from tlie spine to tbe front, or 
breast, bone. (See page 38,) 

Tliey are so covered ^vith. flesli tbat per- 
haps you can not feel and count tliem ; but 
they are there. 

Then you have t^^o flat shoulder-blades, 
and t^vo collar-bones that almost meet in 
front, just where your collar fastens. 

Of Avhat are the bones made ? 

Take two little bones, such as those from 
the legs or Avings of a chicken, put one of 
them into the fire, when it is not very hot, 
and leave it there two or three hours. Soak 
the other bone in some v^eak muriatic 
(muriat'ik) acid. This acid can be bought of 
any druggist. 

You will have to be careful in taking the 



14 



joiints and bones. 



"bone out of tlie lire, for it is all ready to 
break. If you strike it a quick blow, it Avill 
crumble to dust. Tliis dust Ave call lime, and 
it is very much like tlie lime from Avliicli tlie 
mason 'makes naortar. 




Bone tied in a knot. 

The acid has taken the lime from the 
other hone, so only the i^art Tvhich is not 
lime is left. Yoli avIII he surprised to see 
hoAV easily it Avill hend. You can t^vist it 
and tie it into a knot ; hut it "will not easily 
hreak. 

You have seen gristle in meat. This soft 
part of the hone is gristle. 



CARE OF .THE SPINE. 15 

Cliilclren's "bones liave more gristle tlian 
fcliose of older peoi3le ; so cliildren's bones bend 
easily. 

I knoAV a lady avIio lias one leg sliorter 
than tlie otlier. Tliis makes lier lame, and 
slie lias to "wear a boot Avitli iron sLipi^orts 
tliree or four inclies liigli, in order to Avalk 
at all. 

One day slie told me Iioav slie became lame. 

''I remember," slie said, ^^w^lien I ^vas be- 
tAveen tliree and four years old, sitting one 
day in my liigli cliair at tlie table, and t^vist- 
ing one foot under tlie little step of tlie cliair. 
The next morning I felt lame; but nobody 
conld tell Avliat ^vas the matter. At last, the 
doctors found out that the trouble all came 
from that t^vv^ist. It had gone too far to be 
cured. Before I had this boot, I could only 
Avalk Avitli a crutch." 

CARE OF THE SPINE. 

Because the spine is made of little bones 
with cushions bet^veen them, it bends easily, 
and children sometimes bend it more than 
they ought. 



16 JOINTS AND BONES. 

If you lean over your book or your ^v\rrit- 
ing or any otlier Tv^ork, tlie elastic cusliions 
may get so iDressecl on the inner edge tliat 
they do not easily spring hack into shape. 
In this "v^ay, you may gro^v round-shouldered 
or humij-hacked. 

This hending over, also cramps the lungs, 
so that they do not have all the room they 
need for breathing. While j^ou are young, 
your hones are easily hent. One shoulder or 
one hip gets higher than the otlier, if you 
stand uneven.ly. This is more serious, because 
you. are gro^\^ing, and j^ou may grow crooked 
before you knoAv it. * 

Now that you kno^v^ hoAV soft your bones 
are, and how easily they bend, you will 
surely be careful to sit and stand erect. Do 
not tAvist your legs, or arms, or shoulders; 
for you want to grow into straight and grace- 
ful men and ^vomen, instead of being round- 
shouldered, or hump-backed, or lame, all your 
lives. 

When people are old, their bones contain 
more lime, and, therefore, break more easily. 

You should be kindly helpful to old peo- 



OUGHT A BOY TO USE TOBACCO? IT 

pie, so tliat tliey may not fall, and possibly. 
"break tlieir "bones. 

CARE OF THE FEET. 

Healtliy cMlclren are alwaj^s out-gTo^v\^ing' 
tlieir shoes, and sometimes faster than tliey 
"wear them ont. Tight shoes cause corns and 
in-gro^v^ing- nails and other sore places on the 
feet. All of these are very hard to get rid of. 
No one should Avear a shoe that pinches or 
hurts the foot. 

OUGHT A BOY TO USE TOBACCO? 

Perhaps some hoy Avill saj' : " GroAvn peo- 
ple are al^^^ays telling us, ' this ^vill do for 
men, Ibut it is not good for hoys.'" 

Tol3acco is not good for men ; but there 
is a AM3ry good reason "why it is worse for 
hoj^s. 

If you A\rere going to build a house, Avould 
it be Avise for you to put into the stone-A^ork 
of the cellar, something that A\^ould make it 
less strong ? 

Something into the brick-Avork or the 
^nortar, the Avood-work or the nails, the 



18 JOINTS AND BONES. 

v/alls or tlie cliimneys, tliat Avoiild make 
tliem Aveak and tottering, instead of strong 
and steady ? 

It AVOLild Ibe bad enougli if yon slionld 
repair yonr lionse ^v\ritli poor materials ; "but 
surely it must be bnilt in tlie first place 
"witli tlie best yon can get. 

Yon AYill soon learn that boj^s and girls 
are building tbeir bodies, day after day, until 
at last tliey reach, full size. 

After^vard, they must be repaired as fast 
as they AV3ar out. 

It Avould be foolish to build any part in 
a Avay to make it weaker than need be.' 

AVise doctors have said that the boy avIio 
uses tobacco Avliile he is groAving, makes 
every part of his body less strong than it 
otherwise "would be. Even his bones "will 
not grow so well. 

Boys ^vho smoke can not become such 
large, fine-looking men as tliey Avould if 
they did not smoke. 

Cigarettes are small, but they are very 
poisonous. Chewing tobacco is a averse and 
more filthy habit even than smoking. The 



OUGHT A BOY TO USE TOBACCO? 19 

frequent spitting- it causes is disgusting to 
ottLers and liurts tlie liealtli of tlie clie^\^er. 
Tobacco in any form is a great enemjT- to 
yoLitli. It stunts tlie groAvtli, liurts tlie 
mind, and cripples in every ^vay tlie boy oi 
girl Avlio uses it. 

Not tliat it does all tliis to every youth 
Vv^lio smokes, but it is always true tliat no 
boy of seven to fourteen can begin to smoke 
or ckeAv and liave so tine a body and mind 
Avlien lie is tv^enty-one j^ears old as lie ^voulcl 
liave liad if lie liad never used tobacco. If 
3^ou "want to be strong and Avell men and 
"svomen, do not use tobacco in any form. 



REVIEV/ QUESTIONS. 

1. What tT70 kinds of joints have you? 

2. Describe each kind. 

3. rind as many of each kind as you can. 

4. HoT\^ are the joints kept naoist ? 

5. HoT\^ many hones are there in 3^our T^hole hody? 

6. Count the hones in your hand. 

7. Of h-Q-w many hones is your spine made ? 

8. "Why could you not use it so well if it were all in one piece? 

9. What is the use of the little cushions between the hones of the 

spine ? 

10. HoTsr many rihs have you ? 

11. Where are they? 

12. Where are the shoulder-hlades ? 

13. AVhere are the collar-hones ? 



20 JOINTS AND BONES. 



14. AVhat are bones made of? 

15. How can we show this? 

16. What is the difference between the bones of children and the 

bones of old people ? 
IT. "Why do children's bones bend easily ? 

18. Tell the story of the lame lady. 

19. What does this story teach you ? 

20. What happens if you lean over your desl? or work? 

21. How will this position injure your lungs? 

22. What other bones may be injured by ^vrong positions? 

23. Why do old people's bones breal-^ easily? 
21. How should the feet be cared for ? 

25. How does tobacco affect the bones? 

26. What do doctors say of its use ? 

27. What is said about cigarettes ? 

28. What about chewing tobacco ? 

29. To whom is tobacco a great enemy ? Why ? 
30., What is always true of its use by youth? 



CHAPTEE II. 

MUSCLES. 

'"HAT makes tlie limbs move ? 
c^^ You liave to take liolcl of the door 
to move it Iback and forth ; hnt you need not 
take liold of your arm to move that. 

What makes it move ? 

Sometimes a door or gate is made to shut 
itself, if you leave it open. 

This can he done hy means of a vade 
rubber strap, one end of 'which is fastened 
to the frame of the door near the hinge, and 
the other end to the door, out near its edge. 

When y^e push ojDcn the door, the rubber 
strap is stretched ; but as soon as y^e have 
passed through, the strap tightens, draws 
the door back, and shuts it. 

If you stretch out your right arm , and 
clasp the upper part tightly ^vith your left 



22 MUSCLES. 

liaiicl, then ^vork the elboAv^ joint strongly 
hack and forth, you can feel something under 
j^our hand d^a^\^ up, and then lengthen out 
again, each time 3^011 hend the joint. 

What you feel, is a muscle (mus'si), and it 
Avorks 3^our joints very much as the rLihher 
strap "works the hinge of the door. 

One end of the muscle is fastened to the 
hone just helow the elhoAv joint; and the 
other end, higher up ahove the joint. 

When it tightens, 01* contracts, as ^ve saj^, 
it hends the joint. When the arm is straight- 
ened, the muscle returns to its first shape. 

There is another muscle on the outside 
of the arm Avliich stretches "when this one 
shortens, and so helps the "working of the 
joint. 

Every joint has tv^o or more muscles of 
its OAvn to w^ork it. 

Think ho^v many there must he in our 
fingers ! 

If Ave should u.ndertake to count all the 
muscles that move our vdiole hodies, it Avould 
need more counting tlian some of you could 
do. 



24 



M u s c L i: s . 



TENDONS. 

Ton can see mnscles on tlie dinner table: 
for they are only lean meat. 

Tliey are fastened to tlie 
bones l3y strong cords, called 
tendons (ten'donz). Tliese 
tendons can be seen in tlie 
leg* of a cliicken or tnrkey. 
Tliey sometimes liold tlie 
meat so firmly tliat it is 
liard for you to get it off. 
Wlien 3^on next try to loick 
a ''drum-stick/' remember 
tliat 3^011 are eating the 
strong mnscles by Avliich the 
chicken or tnrkey moved 
Ills legs as lie -walked abont 
tlie yard. The parts that 
have the most v^ork to do, 
need the strongest mnscles. 
Did you CA^er see the 
ST^alloAvs flying about the 
eaves of a barn ? 

Do they have very stout legs ? No ! - They 




Tendons cf the hand. 



EXERCISE OF THE MUSCLES. 25 

liave very small legs and feet, because tliey 
do not need to walk. Tliey need to fly. 

Tlie inuiscles that move tlie "wings are 
fastened to tlie breast. These breast muscles 
of the sAvalloAv must be large and strong*. 

EXERCISE OF THE MUSCLES. 

People who ^vork hard with any part of 
the body make the muscles of that part very 
strong. 

The blacksmith has big, strong muscles 
in his arms because he uses them so much. 

You are using your muscles everj^ day, 
and this lieli^s them to gro^v. 

Once I sa^v a little girl vdio iiad been 
verj^ sick. She had to lie in bed for many 
Aveeks. Before her sickness she had plenty 
of stout muscles in her arms and legs and 
^vas running about the house from morning 
till night, carrying her big doll in her arms. 

After her sickness, she could hardly Avalk 
ten steps, and Avould rather sit and look at 
her playthings than try to lift them. She 
had to make ne^v muscles as fast as possible. 

Running, coasting, games of ball, and all 



26 



MUSCLES. 



brisk play and work, lielp to make strong 
muscles. 

Idle liabits make ^veak muscles. So idle- 
ness is an enemy to tlie muscles. 



REVIEW QUESTIONS. 

1. How are the joints moved? 

2. AVliere are the muscles in your arms, which help you to movG 

your elbows ? 

3. Show why joints must have muscles? 

4. What do we call the muscles of the lower animals? 

5. What fasten the muscles to the "bones? 

6. Why do chickens and turkeys need strong muscles in their legs? 

7. Why do s\vallow^s need strong breast muscles ? 

8. What makes the muscles of the "blacksmith's arm so strong? 

9. What will make your muscles strong? 

10. What will make them weak ? 

11. Can fatty muscles work well? 

12. Why does not drinking beer make one stronger? 



:%, 



CHAPTER III. 

NERVES. 

jTuTOW do tlie muscles kno^v wlien to move? 

IfPl 

CiW^ Tou liave all seen tlie telegraph 

Avires, by v^Mcli messages are sent from one 

to^vn to another, all over tlie country. 

Yon are too young to understand Iioav 
tills is done, liut you eacli liave sometliing 
inside of you, by Avliicli you are sending 
messages almost cA^ery minute Avliile 3^011 are 
aAvake. 

We Avill try to learn a little about its 
Avonderful w^ay of Avorl^ing. 

In your bead is 3'our brain. It is the 
part of 3^ou Avliicb. thinks. 

As you v^ould be very badlj^ off if you 
could not think, the brain is your most 
precious part, and 3''ou have a strong box 
made of bone to keep it in. 



28 



NERVES. 




Diagram of the nervous system. 



NERVES. 29 

We will call tlie brain the central tele- 
graph oflB.ce. Little Avhite cords, called nerves, 
connect the brain vvith the rest of the body. 

A large cord called the spinal cord, lies 
safely in a bony case made by the spine, and 
many nerves branch off from this. 

If yon put yonr finger on a hot stove, in 
an instant a message goes on the nerve tele- 
graph to the brain. It tells Miat wise think- 
ing part that yonr finger vrill burn, if it 
stays on the stove. 

In another instant, the brain sends back 
a message to the muscles that move that 
finger, saying: ^'Contract quickly, bend the 
joint, and take that poor finger a^^ay so 
that it will not be burned." 

You can hardly believe that there ^vas 
time for all this sending of messages ; for as 
soon as you felt the hot stove, you iDuUed 
your finger av^ay. But you really could not 
have pulled it a^v^ay, unless the brain had 
sent word to the muscles to do it. 

Now^, you know^ Avhat w^e mean "when "we 
say, ''As quick as thought." Surely noth- 
ing could be quicker. 



30 NERVES 

Toil see tliat tlie brain lias a great deal 
af work to do, for it lias to send so many or- 
ders. 

Tliere are some muscles wliicli are mov- 
ing- quietly and steadily all tlie time, tliougli 
"we take no notice of tlie motion. 

Ton do not liave to tliink about breatli- 
iiig, and yet tlie muscles "work all the time, 
moving your cli^st. 

If Ave liad to tliink about it every time 
"we breatlied, Ave skould liave no time to 
tliink of any tiling else. 

There is one part of the brain that takes 
care of such Avork for us. It sends the mes- 
sages about breathing, and keeps the breath- 
ing muscles and many other muscles faith- 
fully at Avork. It does all this Avithout our 
needing to knoAv or think about it at all. 

Do you begin to see that j^our body is a 
busy Avork-shop, Avliere many kinds of Avork 
are being done all day and all night ? 

Although Ave lie still and sleep in the 
night, the breathing must go on, and so must 
the Avork of those other organs that never 
stop until AA^e die. 



OTHER ,W0 It K OF THE NERVES. 31 

OTHER WORK OF THE NERVES. 

Tlie little Avliite nerve-tlireacls lie srnootlily 
side by side, making small Tvliite cords. Each, 
kind of message goes on its own thread, so 
tliat the messages need never get mixed or 
confused. 

These nerves are very delicate little mes- 
sengers. They do all the feeling for the "whole 
hody, and loy means of them ^^e have many 
pains and many pleasures. 

If there "was no nerve in your tooth it 
could not ache. But if there Avere no nerves 
in your mouth, and tongue, you could not 
taste your food. 

If there "were no nerves in your hands, 
you miglit cut them and feel no pain. But 
you could not feel your mother's soft, warm 
hand, as she laid it on yours. 

One of your first duties is the care of your- 
selves. 

Children may say : ''My father and mother 
take care of me." But even "while you are 
young, there are some Avays in v^hich no one 
can take care of you hut yourselves. The 



32 NERVES. . 

older you gYo^v, the more this care v^ill toe- 
long to you, and to no one else. 

Think of the Avork ail the parts of the 
toody do for "us, and ho^v they help lis to toe 
Avell and happy. Certainly the least ^ve can 
do is to take care of them and keep them in 
good order. 

CARE OF THE BRAIN AND NERVES. 

As one part of the torain has to take care of 
all the rest of the toody, and keep every organ 
at Avork, of course it can never go to sleep 
itself. If it did, the heart "would stop pump- 
ing, the lungs ^vould leave off toreathing, all 
other Avork Avould stop, and the toody would 
toe dead. 

But there is another part of the torain 
Avliich does the thinking, and this part needs 
rest. 

When you are asleep, you are not think- 
ing, tout you are toreathing and other A\rork of 
the toody is going on. 

If the thinking part of the torain does not 
have good quiet sleep, it ^vill soon Avear out. 
A Avorn-out torain is not easy to repair. 



ALCOHOL AND THE NERVES. 33 

If well cared for, your brain will do tlie 
best of work for you for seventy or eiglity 
years witliout comiDlaining-. 

Tlie nerves are easily tired out, and tliey 
need niLicli rest. Tliey get tired if we. do one 
tiling- too long- at a time ; tliey are rested by 
a cliange of Avork. 

FOOD FOR THE NERVES AND THE BRAIN. 

Tliink of the Tv^onderful work tbe brain is 
all tlie time doing- for you ! 

Ton ouglit to give it tlie best of food to 
keep it in good Avorking order. 

Alcoliol is not a food and w^ill not make 
one strong. As lias been said of tobacco, it 
stunts the growth of the boy or girl avIio uses 
it, and likewise affects the nerves, Avhicli are 
the sensitive cords that transmit the messages 
from the brain. As the nerves become affected, 
it T\^ill readily be seen that the brain also 
suffers. 

Newspapers often tell about people setting 
houses on Are and of men forgetting to turn 
the sv^itch, and so Avrecking railroad trains ; 
and of men ^vlio lie down on the track and 



34 NERVES. 

are run over toy tlie cars. These tilings are 
often caused toy strong* drink. 

People ^^lio are thus affected toeconie care- 
less, the torain can not receive the proper mes- 
sages, and the person does not know Avhat he 
is doing ; tout, as can readilj^ toe seen, those 
things are also torought atoout toy other con- 
ditions. 

By not paying strict attention to your 
teacher, you have sometimes forgotten Avhat 
she tried hard to teach you ; and just so the 
SAvitchman, toy not toeing attentive to his 
orders, may have forgotten to turn the switch, 
or the torain may have toeen affected toy some 
disease which destroyed the reason and poAvers 
of thinking, and thus fatal accidents resulted. 

Tou may say that all men who drink 
liquor do not do such territole things. That 
is true ; tout still if it may lead to that, it is 
toest not to drink. A toody kept pure and 
strong is of great service to its owner, and 
therefore it is toetter to atostain from any 
thing that may harm the toody, and try to 
do that which will promote its growth and 
healthy development. 



TOBACCO AND THE NERVES. 35 

TOBACCO AND THE NERVES. 

Wliy does any one Avisli to use toljacco ? 

Because many men say tliat it lielps tliem, 
and makes tliem feel better. 

Shall I tell you liow it naakes them feel 
"better? 

If a man is cold, the tobacco deadens 
his nerves so that he does not feel the 
cold and does not take pains to make himself 
Avarmer. 

If a man is tired, or in trouble, tobacco 
"will not really rest him or help him out of 
his trou_ble. 

It only puts his nerves to sleep and helps 
him think that he is not tired, and that 
he does not need to overcome his troubles. 

It puts his nerves to sleep very much as 
alcohol does, and helps him to be contented 
■\vith Avhat ought not to content him. 

A boy Avho smokes or clieivs tobacco, is 
not so good a scholar as if he did not use 
the poison. He can not remember his lessons 
so v^ell. 

Usually, too, he is not so polite, nor so 
good a bo3^ as he otherwise Avould be. 



36 NERVES. 



REVIEW QUESTIONS. 

1. How do tlie muscles know wlien to move ? 

2. What part of you is it that thinks? 

3. What are the nerves ? 

4. Where is the spinal cord. ? 

5. What message goes to the brain when jou put your finger on 

a hot stove ? 

6. What message comes back from the brain to the finger? 

7. What is meant by "As quick as thought"? 

8. Name some of the muscles Tv^hich work without needing our 

thought. 

9. What keeps them at work ? 

10. Why do not the nerve messages get mixed and confused? 

11. Why could you not feel, if you had no nerves? 

12. State some ways in which the nerves give us pain. 

13. State some ^vays in Avhich they give us pleasure. 

14. What part of us has the most ^vork to do ? 

15. How must T^^e keep the brain strong and well ? 

16. What does alcohol do to the nerves and brain ? 

17. Why does not a drunken man kno^vr what he is about ? 

18. What causes many of the accidents tvc read of? 

19. Why do many men use tobacco? 

20. How does it make them feel better? 

21. Does it really help a person who uses it? 

22. Does tobacco help a boy to be a good scholar? 



38 




Bones of the human body. 



CHAPTER IT. 

WHAT IS ALCOHOL? 

IPE grapes are full of juice. 

TMs juice is mostly Avater, sweetened 
A\ritli a sugar of its own. It is flavored 
"witli sonietliing ^^rliicli makes u.s kno^v, tlie 
moment ^^e taste it, tliat it is grape-juice, 
and not clierry-j uice or i3lum-juice. 

Apples also contain ^^^ater, sugar, and apple 
flavor; and clierries contain ^vater, sugar, and 
clierry flavor. Tlie same is true of otlier 
fruits. Tliey all, "wlien ripe, liave tlie Avater 
and tlie sugar ; and eacli lias a flavor of its 
own. 

Pipe grapes are sometiines gatliered and 
put into great tubs called vats. In these tlie 
juice is squeezed out. 

In some countries, tliis squeezing is done 
liy bare-footed men wlio jump into tlie vats 
and press tbe grapes "witli tbeir feet. 



40 



WHAT IS ALCOHOL? 



The grape-juice is tlien d^a^»;^^Il off from tlie 
skins and seeds and left standing in a -warm 
place. 

Bubbles soon begin to rise and cover tlie 
top of it ^^itb frotli. The juice is all in mo- 
tion. 




Picking grapes and making wine. 

If the cook had wished to use this grape- 
juice to make jelly, she would say: ^'N"ow, I 
can not make my grape-jelly, for the grape- 
juice is spoiled." 



WINE. 41 



WHAT IS THIS CHANGE IN THE GRAPE-JUICE? 

The sugar in tlie grape-juice is clianging 
into someth-ing else. It is turning into 
alcoliol and a gas* tliat moves al3out in little 
l3u.l3lbles in tlie liquid, and rising to tlie top, 
goes off into tlie air. Tlie alcoliol is a tMn 
liquid ^vliicli, mixed ^v\^itli tlie water, remains 
in tlie grape-ju.ice. 

Tlie sugar is gone ; alcoliol and tlie bub- 
bles of gas are left in its place. 

TMs alcoliol is a very clear liquid, about 
tire color of "water. 

Ripe grapes are good food ; but grape-j nice, 
Av lien its sugar lias been turned to alcoliol, is 
not a good nor a safe drink for a child, for 
reasons w^liich you have already learned in a 
previous chapter. 

WINE. 

This changed grape-juice is called ^vine. 
It is partly Vv^ater, partly alcohol, and it still 
has the grape flavor in it. 



* This gas is called car bon' ic acid gas. 

L. 



42 



WHAT IS ALCOHOL? 



Wine .x^=^r 
is also '*^^.| 
III a d G ^ 

from currants, 
elclerloerries, and 
otlier fruits, in very 
mucli tlie same Avay as 
from g-rapes. 

People sometimes make 
it at liome from tlie fruits 
tliat g-roAV in tlieir own g-ar- 
dens, and tliink tliere is no 
alcoliol in it, because tliey do ^^ 
not put any in. 

But you kno^v tliat tlie alcoliol 
is made in . tlie fruit-juice itself 
by tlie change of the sugar into 
alcohol and the gas. 

It is the nature of alcohol to 
make the man who is fond of it crave 
for more, and ^\^lieii one continues taking 
more and more, he "will become a drunl^ard. 

Every one "wlio takes it, in any form, does 
not, necessarilj", become a drunkard; but we 
speak of it to sIioav that this may be the con- 




CIDER. 



43 



seqiience, and therefore it is best not to 
use it. 

CIDER. 

Cider is made from apples. In a few lionrs 
after tlie juice is pressed out of tlie apples, 
if it is left open to tlie air tlie sugar begins 
to cliange. 

Like tlie sugar in tlie grape, it changes 
into alcoliol and liuhbles of gas. 

At first, tliere is but little alcoliol in 
cider ; but more is all the time forming until 
in ten cups of cider there may be one cup 
of alcohol. 

Cider and Avine will turn into vinegar if 
left in a warm place long enough. 



REVIEW QUESTIONS. 

1. What two things are in all fruit-juices? 

2. How can we tell the juice of grapes from that of plums? 

3. HoAV can ^ve tell the juice of apples from that of cherries? 

4. What is often done with ripe grapes ? 

5. What happens after the grape-juice has stood a short time? 

6. Why ^vould the changed grape- juice not he good to use in mak- 

ing jelly? 

7. Into what is the sugar in the juice changed? 

8. What becomes of the gas ? 

9. What becomes of the alcohol? 



44: WHAT IS ALCOHOL? 



10. "What is g-onc and Avhat left ? 

11. What is alcohol ? 

12. What does alcohol do to those who drink it ? 

13. When are grapes good food ? 

11. When is grape- juice not a safe drink ? 

15. Why? 

16. What is this changed grape-juice called? 
IT. What is Trine ? 

18. Erom Tvhat is T^^ine made ? 

19. What do people sometimes think of home-made wines ? 

20. Hov^ can alcohol be there when none has been put into it ? 

21. What does alcohol make the person ^vho takes it T\rant ? 

22. ^Vhat is such a one called ? 

23. W^hat has wine done to many persons ? 

24. What does alcohol hurt ? 

25. Ho^^;^ does it change a person ? 

26. Are you sure you w^ill not become a drunkard if you drink 

wine ? 

27. Why should you not drink it ? 

28. What is cider made from ? 

29. What soon happens to apple-juice? 

30. How may vinegar be made ? 



CHAPTER Y. 

GRAIN, 

^ORN, ^vlieat, rye, and barley are kinds 
^s^ of grain. Grain lias starcli instead of 
sugar. Starcli can be transformed into sugar. 

If tlie starcli in your nrotlier's starcli-box 
at liome sliould be cbanged into sugar, you 
"would tliink it a very strange tiling. 

EA^ery 3^ear, in tlie spring-time, many 
tliousand pounds of starcli are clianged into 
sugar in a bidden, quiet Avay, so tbat most 
of us think nothing about it, 

STARCH AND SUGAR. 

All kinds of grain are full of starcli. 

If you plant tliem in tlie ground, A\^liere 
they are kept moist and -wsltth, they begin 
to sprout and grow, to send little roots down 
into the earth, and little stems up into the 
sunshine. 



46 



CxRAIN. 



TtLese little roots and stems niusfc be fed 
"witli sugar; tlius, in a Avise way, Avliicli is too 
A\ronderful for you to understand, as soon 
as tlie seed begins to sprout, 
its starcli begins to turn into 
sugar. 

If you sliould cliew t^vo 
grains of ^vlieat, one before 
sprouting and one after, you 
could tell by tlie taste that 
tbis is true. 

Barley is a kind of grain 
from A\^bicli tlie bre^v^er 
makes beer. 

He must first turn 
its starcli into sugar, so 
lie begins by sprouting 
liis grain. 

Of course lie does not 
plant it in tlie ground, 
because it "would need 
to be quickly dug up again. 

He keeps it ^^rarm and moist in a place 
"wliere lie can Avatcli it, and stop tlie sprout- 
ing just in time to save tlie sugar, before it 




%#. 



STARCH AND SUGAR. 47 

is used to feed tlie root and stem. This 
sprouted grain is called malt. 

Tlie bre^ver soaks it in plenty of ^^^ater, 
"because the grain has not Avater in itself, as 
the grax)e has. 

He puts in some yeast to help start the 
■work of changing the sugar into gas* and 
alcohol. 

Sometimes hops are also put in, to give 
it a hitter taste. • 

The brewer watches to see the bubbles 
of gas that tell, as plainly as A\^ords could, 
that sugar is going and alcohol is coming. 

"When the A^ork is finished, the barley has 
been made into beer. 

It might have been ground and made into 
barley-cakes, or into pearl barley to thicken 
our soups, and then it w^ould have been good 
food. 



REVIEW QUESTIONS. 

1. Is there sugar in grain? 

2. What is in the grain that can he turned into sugar? 

3. What can you do to a seed that will make its starch turn Into 

sugar ? 



Carbon'ic acid gas. 

L. 



48 GRAIN, 



4. What does the "brewer do to the barley to make its starch turn 

into sugar. 

5. What is malt? 

6. What does the brewer put into the malt to start the -working ? 

7. What gives the bitter taste to beer ? 

8. HoT^ does the brewer knoT^^ when sugar begins to go and alco- 

hol to come ? 

9. Why does he want the starch turned to sugar? 
10. Is barley good for food? 



CHAPTER Y I . 

DISTILLING. 

jT^ISTILLING (distiiX'ing) may be a ne^v -word 
^-^^^-^ to you, "but you can easily learn its 
meaning. 

Ton have all seen distilling- going on in 
tlie kitclien at liome, many a time. Wlien 
tlie water in tlie tea-kettle is boiling, ^^^liat 
comes out at tlie nose ? Steam. 

Wliat is steam ? 

Yon can find out Avliat it is by catclring 
some of it on a cold plate, or tin cover. As 
soon as it touclies any tiling cold, it turns 
into drops of ^vv^ater. 

Wlien "we boil w^ater and turn it into 
steam, and tben turn tbe steam thus made, 
back again into water, we liave distilled the 
water. 

We say vapor instead of steam, wlien we 
talk about the boiling of alcohol. 



30 



DISTILLING 




£^xperiment.— Yow. may easily make tliis experiment 
for 3^ourselves. 

Put some liard cider into a teapot (b), and fasten 
a piece of rubber tubing {e) about two feet long to 
tlie spout. 

Let tbe otlier end of the tubing reach, into a 
bottle {d) standing in a pail of cold water or on a 
block of ice (<^). 

Heat the cider by means of the lamp {a), being 
careful not to make it hot enough for the Avater in 
the cider to boil. 

If the cider is not very strong, you may have to 
re-distill it before you find the alcohol is pure 
enough to burn. 



DISTILLING. * 51 

It takes less lieat to turn alcohol to vapor 
tlian to turn ^vs^ater to steam ; so, if y^e put 
over tlie fire some liquid tliat contains alco- 
hol, and begin to collect the vapor as it rises, 
we shall get alcohol first, and then ^vater. 

But the alcohol will not he pure alcohol; 
it ^v\^ill he part "water, hecause it is so ready 
to mix "witli "water that it has to he distilled 
many times to he pure. 

But each time that it is distilled, the 
alcohol "will become stronger, hecause there 
is a little more alcohol and a little less 
"water. 

In this ^way, hrandy, rum, ^whiskej^, and 
gin are distilled, from ^wine, cider, and the 
liquors "which have heen made from corn, 
rye, or barley. 

The cider, A\^ine, and beer had but little 
alcohol in them. The brandy, rum, "whiskey, 
and gin made from them, are nearly one 
half alcohol. 

A glass of strong liquor Avhich has been 
made by distilling, "will injure any one more, 
and quicker, than a glass of cider, w^ine, or 
beer. 



52 DISTILLING. 



REVIEW^ QUESTIONS. 

1. Where have ^-^on ever seen distilling' going on ? 

2. How can 3'ou distill ^vater ? 

3. Ho^w can men separate alcohol from \vine or from any other " 

•■liquor that contains it? 

4. Why will not this he pure alcohol? 

5. Ho^v is a liguor made stronger ? 

6. Xame some of the distilled liquors. 
T. How are they made ? 

8. HoAV much of them is alcohol ? 

9. Which is the most harmful— the distilled liquor, or beer. Trine, 

. or cider ? 
10. Why does the wine, cider, or heer-drinker often get as much 
alcohol ? 




Ji 



CHAPTER Til, 

ALCOHOL. 

^^LCOHOL looks like ^vater, but it is not 
2jS^ at all like ^vater. 

Alcoliol "will take fire, and bLirn if a lig-hted 
matcli is lield near it ; but you knoAv tliat 
Avater Avill not burn. 

When alcoliol burns, tbe color of tbe -flame 
is blue. It does not give mucli ligbt : it makes 
no smoke or soot ; but it does give a great 
deal of beat. 

A little dead tree-toad Avas,once put into 
a bottle of alcobol. It was years ago, but 
the tree-toad is there still, looking just as it 
did the first day it was put in. What has 
kept it so ? 

It is the alcoliol. The tree-toad Av^ould 
have soon decayed if it had been put into 
water. So 3^011 see that alcohol keeps dead 
bodies from decaying. 



54 ALCOHOL. 

Pure alcoliol is not often nsecl as a drink, 
and never slioLild Ibe so Lised. Tliere is only 
a little alcoliol in beer, v^ine, or cider. 
Brandy, rum, wMskey, or gin are nearly one 
half alcoliol. 

People Avlio liave a desire for alcoliolic 
drinks are apt to find tlieir appetite for tlieni 
gTO^Y from daj^ to daj^. Tliose avIio use tliese 
liquors in large cjuantities lose tlieir self- 
control and tlieir will po^ver, and so become 
drunkards. 

People Avlio are in tlie lialiit of taking 
strong drinks, often care more for tliem 
tlian for any tiling else, even Avlien tliey 
know tlieir liealtli ^vill be ruined by tlieir 
use. 



REVIEW QUESTIONS. 

1. HovT' does alcoliol look ? 

2. HoTV does alcoliol burn ? 

3. "What will alcohol do to a dead body? 

4. What drinks contain a little alcohol ? 

5. What drinks are about one half alcohol ? 




CHAPTER Till. 

TOBACCO. 

FARMER wlio liacl been in tlie habit of 
planting bis fields ^vitb corn, ^^lieat, 
and potatoes, once made np bis mind to plant 
tobacco instead. 

Let US see ^s;\^bether be did any good to tbe 
^v\^orld by tbe cbange. 

Tbe tobacco plants grew np as tall as a 
little boy or girl, and spread ont broad, green 
leaves. 

By and by be pnlled tbe stalks, and dried 
tbe leaves. Some of tbem be pressed into 
cakes of tobacco ; some be rolled into cigars ; 
and some be ground into snnff. 

If yon ask "wbat tobacco is good for, tbe 
best ans^^er ^v\^ill be, to tell yon ^vbat it -will 
do to a man or boy ^^bo nses it, and tben let 
yon answer tbe question for yourselves. 

Tobacco contains sometbing called nico- 



56 



TOBACCO. 



tine (nik'otin). Tills Is a strong poison. One 
drop of it is enoiigli to kill a clog. In one 
cigar tliere is enougli, if taken pLire, to injnre 
your liealth.. 




Even to work upon 

tobacco, makes some 

people pale and sickly. 
Once I went into a snuff mill, and the man 
wlio had the care of it sliowed me liow tlie 
^v^ork was done. 



TOBACCO. • 57 

Tlie mill stood in a pretty place, beside a 
little stream Avliicli turned tlie mill-Avlieel. 
Tall trees bent over it, and a fresli breeze Avas 
blowing throLigli the open "windoAVS. Tet tlie 
smell of tlie tobacco Avas so strong tliat I liad 
to go to tlie door many times, for a breath, of 
pure air. 

I asked tlie nian if it did not make bim 
sick to Avork tliere. 

He said: ''It made me very sick for tlie 
first few Aveeks. Tlieii I began to get used 
to it, and no^v I don't mind it." 

He ^vas like tlie boys Avbo try to learn to 
smoke. It almost alA\^ays makes them sick at 
first ; but tliey tliiiik it Avill be manly to keep 
on. At last, tliey get used to it. 

The sickness is reallj^ tlie way in A\^liicli 
the boy's body is trying to say to liim : 
'^Tliere is danger liere ; you are playing Avitli 
sometliing tliat will barm you. Let me stop 
you before great liarm is done." 

Perhaps you Avill say: "I have seen men 
smoke cigars, even four or five in a day, and 
it didn't kill them." 

It did not kill them, because they did 



58 TOBACCO. 

not swallow tlie nicotine. Tliey only drew 
in a little "witli tlie Tbreatli. But taking a 
little in tliis w^ay, clay after clay, can not be 
safe, or really helpful to any one. 



REVIEW questions: 

1. What did the farmer plant instead of corn, wheat, and pota- 

toes ? 

2. What was done with the tobacco leaves? 

3. What is the name of the poison ^vhich is in tobacco? 

4. How much of it is needed to kill a dog ? 

5. What harm can the nicotine in one cigar do, if taken pure? 

6. Tell the story of the visit to the snuff mill. 

7. AVhy are hoys made sick by their first use of tobacco? 

8. Why does not smoking- a cigar kill a man ? 

9. What is said about a little poison ? 



CHAPTER IX. 

OPIUM. 

.PIUM (o'pium) and tobacco are called iiar- 
^^^^^ cotics (nar kot' iks). This nieaiis tliat tliej^- 
liave tlie po^wer of putting tlie nerves to 
sleep. 

Opium is a poison made from tlie juice 
of tlie poppy, and is used in medicines. 

It is put into sootliing-syrups (sir^ups), and 
tliese are sometimes given to babies to keep 
tliem from crying. Tliey do this by injur- 
ing the tender nerves and poisoning the 
little bodj^. 

Ho^vv can any one give a baby opium to 
save taking iDatient care of it ? 

Surelj^ the mothers vv^ould not do it, if 
they kne^^ that this soothing-syrup that 
appears like a friend, coming to quiet and 
comfort the baby, is really an enemy. 

Sometimes, a child no older than some of 



60 



OPIUM 



you are, is left at lioine with, tlie care of a 
baby brother or sister ; so it is best that you 




Don^t give soothing-syrup to children, 

should kno^^ about this dangerous enemy, 
and never be tempted to quiet the baby by 
giving" him a poison, instead of taking j^our 
best and kindest care of him. 



REVIEW QUESTIONS, 



1. What is a narcotic ? 

2. Zslaine three narcotics ? 

3. From T^hat is opium made ? 



4. For Tvhat is it used? 

5. Why is soothing-syrup dan- 

gerous ? 



GHAPTEE X. 



WHAT ARE ORGANS? 

, N organ is a part of tlie body ^^hicli has 
some special "work to do. Tlie eye is tlie 
organ of sight. Tlie stoinacli (stum'ak) is an 
organ "wliicli takes care of the food we eat. 




THE TEETH. 

Your teeth do not look alike, since they 




Different kinds of teeth. 



62 WHAT ARE ORGANS? 

must do clifFerent kinds of Avork. Tlie front 
ones cut, tlie "back ones grind. 

Tliey are made of a kind of bone covered 
Avitli a hard smootli enamel (enam'ei). If tlie 
enamel is broken, tlie teeth, soon decay and 
ache, for each tooth is furnished "with a nerve 
that very quickly feels pain. 

CARE OF THE TEETH. 

Cracking nuts Avith the teeth, or even 
biting thread, is apt to break the enamel; and 
Avheii once broken, you ^vill A\^ish in vain to 
have it mended. The dentist can fill a hole 
in the tooth ; but he can not cover the tooth 
Avith ncAV enamel. 

Bits of food should be carefully picked 
from betAveen the teeth ^^ritli a tooth-pick of 
quill or wood, never with a pin or other hard 
and sharp thing ^vliicli might break the 
enamel. 

The teeth must also be ^vell brushed. 
Nothing but perfect cleanliness Avill keep 
them in good order. Alwaj^s brush them 
before breakfast. Your breakfast ^vill taste 
all the better for it. Brush them at night 



THE CHEST AND ABDOMEN.' 63 

before you go to bed, lest some food sliould 
be decaying- in your nioutli during tbe niglit. 
Take care of tliese cutters and grinders, 
tliat tliey may not decay, and so be unable 
to do tlieir Avork well. 

THE CHEST AND ABDOMEN. 

Tou liave learned about tlie twenty- four 
little bones in tlie spine, and tlie ribs that 
curve around from tlie spine to tlie front, or 
breast-bone. 

These bones, "with the shoulder-blades 
and the collar-bones, form a bony case or 
box. 

In it are some of the most useful organs 
of the body. 

This box is divided across the middle by 
a strong muscle, so that v^e may say it is 
tw^o stories high. 

The upper room is called the chest ; the 
low^er one, the abdomen (abdo'menl 

In the chest, are the heart and the lungs. 

In the abdomen, are the stomach, the 
liver, and some other organs. 



64 WHAT ARE ORGANS? 



THE STOMACH. 



The stomacli is a strong bag, as ^s;\^onderful 
a bag as could be made, you ^w^ill say, ^\^lieii 
I tell you Avliat it can do. 

Tlie ou1;side is made of in.uscles ; tlie lining 
prepares a juice called gastric (gas'trik) juice, 
and keeps it always ready for use. 

No^v, Avliat "would you think if a man 
could put into a bag, beef, and apples, and 
potatoes, and bread and milk, and sugar, and 
salt, tie up tlie bag and lay it away on a 
shelf for a few hours, and then show you that 
the beef had disappeared, so had the apples, 
so had the potatoes, the bread and milk, su- 
gar, and salt, and the bag w^as filled only 
"with a thin, grayish fluid ? Would you not 
call it a :inagical bag ? 

NoAv, your stomach and mine are just such 
magical bags. 

We put in our breakfasts, dinners, and 
suppers; and, after a fe^w hou.rs, they are 
changed. The gastric juice has been mixed 
■with them. The strong muscles that form 
the outside of the stomach have been squeez- 



WHY DOES THE FOOD NEED CHANGING? 65^ 

ing tlie food, rolling it about, and mixing it 
togetlier, until it lias all been clianged to a 
tliin, grayisli fluid. 

HOW DOES ANYBODY KNOW THIS? 

A soldier Avas once sliot in tlie side in sucli 
a "way tliat Tvlien tlie Avound liealed, it left 
an opening "vvitli a piece of loose skin over it, 
like a little door leading into liis stomacli. 

A doctor "wlio "vvislied to learn about tlie 
stomacli, liired liim for a servant and used 
to study liim every day. 

He Avould pusli aside tlie little flap of skin 
and put into the stomacli any kind of food 
tbat lie pleased, and then watch to see "what 
happened to it. 

In this "way, he learned a great deal and 
■wrote it doAvn, so that other people might 
knoAV, too. In other Avays, also, A\^hich it 
would take too long to tell you here, doctors 
have learned how these magical food-bags 
take care of our food. 

WHY DOES THE FOOD NEED TO BE CHANGED? 

Tour mamma tells you sometimes at 
breakfast that you must eat oat-meal and 



66 WHAT ARE ORGANS? 

milk to make you grow into a big* man or 
Avoman. 

Did yoLi ever wonder -what part of yon is 
made of oat-meal, or ^vliat part of milk ? 

That stout little arm does not look like 
oat-meal; those rosy cheeks do not look like 
milk. 

If our food is to make stout arms and 
rosy cheeks, strong bodies and busy brains, 
it must first be changed into a form in 
"which it can get to each part and feed it. 

When the food in the stomach is mixed 
and prepared, it is ready to be sent through 
the body; some is carried to the bones, some 
to the muscles, some to the nerves and brain, 
some to the skin, and some even to the finger 
nails, the hair, and the eyes. Each part needs 
to be fed in order to gro^w. 

WHY DO PEOPLE WHO /RE NOT GROWING 

NEED FOOD? 

Children need each day to make larg-er 
and larger bones, larger luuscles, and a larger 
skin to cover the larger body. 

Every day, each part is also ^wearing* out 



ALCOHOL AND THE STOMACH. 67 

a little, and needing- to be mended by some 
new food. People avIio liave gro^vn Lip, need 
tlieir food for tliis ^vork of mending-. 

CARE OF THE STOMACH. 

One ^Yay to take care of tlie stomacli is 
to g-ive it only its o^wn Avorlv to do. Tlie 
teetli mnst first do tlieir work faitlifuUy. 

The stomacli must liave rest, too. I liave 
seen some children Avbo want to make their 
IDOor stomaclis work all the time. They are 
always eating- apples, or candy, or something, 
so that their stomachs have no chance to 
rest. If the stomach does not rest, it Avill 
^\^ear out the same as a inachine T\^OLild. 

The stomach can not Avork well, unless 
it is quite A\^arm. If a person poLirs ice-A\^ater 
into his stomach as he eats, just as the food 
is beginning to change into the gray fluid 
of A\rliicli you have learned, the AVork stops 
until the stomach gets A\^arm again. 

TOBACCO AND THE MOUTH. 

The saliva in the mouth helps to prepare 
the food, before it goes into the stomach. To- 



68 WHAT ARE ORGANS? 

bacco makes the nioiitli very dry, and more 
saliva lias to flow out to moisten it. 

But tlie saliva, Avlien it is mixed Avitli 
tobacco juice, must not be swallowed. It 
mnst be spit out. In tliis "way, tlie saliva that 
^was needed to help prepare the food for tlie 
stomach, is lost. 

Tobacco discolors the teeth, makes bad 
sores in the mouth, and often causes a disease 
of the throat. 

The odor of any kind of tobacco is not 
pleasant to some people. Bad tobacco, when 
made into cigars or smoked in a pipe, will 
annoy even tobacco-users. 

As you have already learned, the saliva, 
^when mixed Avith tobacco juice, must not be 
sw^allowed ; chewing* tobacco, therefore, is not 
a neat habit, and should not be acquired. 

Many boj^s learn to smoke by beginning 
"With cig ar ettes'. These seem harmless be- 
canse they are so small. They are really one 
of the ^vorst forms of using tobacco. 

The smoke of the paper T\^rappings is very 
bad for the lungs, and will do more harm 
than a pipe or a cigar w^ould do. 



TOBACCO AND THE MOUTH. G9 

Old cig^ar-stuiiips are often picked up in 
tlie streets and made into cigarettes. This 
is Avorse tlian disgusting*; lor in tliis w"ay, 
diseases may be spread, coining from the 
mouths of the first users. 

These stumps are the ''strongest" part of 
the cigars, and contain a great deal of nico- 
tine, ^\^hich in this way goes i,nto the cigar- 
ettes. 



REVIEW QUESTIONS. 

1. "What are organs ? 

2. What work do the front teeth do ? the "back teeth ? 
8. What are the teeth made of? 

4. What causes the toothache? 

5. How is the enamel often broken ? 

6. Why should a tooth-pick be used? 

7. Why should the teeth be well brushed? 

8. When should they be brushed ? 

9. What bones form a case or box ? 

10. What is the upper room of this box called? the lower room? 

11. What organs are in the chest? the abdomen? 

12. What is the stomach? 

13. What does its lining do? 

14. What do the stomach and the gastric juice do to the food we 

have eaten ? 

15. How did anybody find out Tvhat the stomach could do? 

16. Why must all the food yve eat be changed? 

17. Why do you need food? 

18. Why do people who are not groT^^ing need food? 

19. What does alcohol do to the gastric juice? to the stomach? 

20. What is the use of the saliva? 



VO W H A T A R E R G A X S ? 



21. How does the habit of spitting injure a person? 

22. How does tobacco affect the teeth? the mouth? 

2o. Why should the habit of chewing tobacco not be acquired ? 

24. What foi-m of tobacco is used by many boys when learning to 

smoke ? 

25. How are cigarettes sometimes made? 



f 




CHAPTER XI. 

WHAT DOES THE BODY NEED FOR FOOD? 

'OW tliat you know Iioay tlie body Is fecl^ 
you must next learn "wliat to feed it 
w^itli; and Avliat eacli part needs to make it 
gro^r and to keep it strong and "well. 

WATER. 

A large part of your body is made of 
Avater. So you need, of course, to drink 
■water, and to liave it used in preparing 
your food. 

Water conies from tlie clouds, and is 
stored up in cisterns or in springs in tlie 
ground. From tliese pipes are laid to lead 
tlie water to our liouses. 

Sometimes, men dig do^^n until tliey reacli 
a spring, and so make a "well from Avliicli 
tliey can pumx) tlie Avater, or dip it out Avitli 
a bucket. 



72 WHAT DOES THE BODY NEED FOR FOOD? 

Water tliat lias been standing- in lead pipes, 
may liave some of tlie lead mixed with it. 
Sucli "water Avonld be very likely to poison 
yon, if yon drank it. 

Impnrities are almost snre to soak into a 
Avell if it is near a drain or a stable. 

If yon drink tlie Avater from sncli a Avell, 
yon may be ]nade very sick by it. It is bet- 
ter to go tliirsty, nntil yon can get good 
Avater. 

A snfflcient qnantitj^ of pnre Avater to 
drink is jnst as important for ns, as good 
food to eat. 

We conld not drink all tlie Avater tliat onr 
bodies need. We take a large part of it in onr 
food, in frnits and vegetables, and even in 
beefsteak and bread. 

« 

LIME. 

Bones need lime. Yon remember tlie bone 
tliat Avas nothing bnt crnmbling lime after 
it had been in the fire. 

Where shall v^e get lime for onr bones ? 

We can not eat lime ; bnt the grass and 
the grains take it ont of the earth. Then 



LIME. 



T8 



tlie cows eat the grass and turn it into niiik, 
and in tlie milk v^e drink, ^v^e get some of tlie 
lime to feed our bones. 




Lime being prepared for our use. 



In the same way, the grain growing in 
the field takes up lime and other things that 
■we need, but could not eat for ourselves. The 
lime that thus becomes a part of the grain, 
-w(d get in our bread, oat-meal porridge, and 
^Dther foods. 



71 WHAT DOES THE BODY NEED FOK FOOD? 

SALT. 

Animals need salt, as cliilclren wlio live 
in tlie country kno^v very Avell. Tliey liave 
seen liow eagerly tlie co^v\^s and tlie slieep lick 
up tlie salt tliat tlie fanner gives tliem. 

Even wild cattle and l)uftaloes seek out 
places Avliere tliere are salt springs, and go in 
great lierds to get the salt. 

We, too, need some salt mixed with our 
food. If "we did not put it in, either ^vhen 
cooking, or afterward, ^ve should still get a 
little in the food itself. 

FLESH-MAKING FOODS. 

Muscles are lean meat, that is flesh; so 
muscles need flesh -making foods. These are 
milk, and grains like T^lieat, corn and oats ; 
also, meat and eggs. Most of these foods 
really come to us out of the ground. Meat 
and eggs are made from the grain, grass, and 
other vegetables that the cattle and hens eat. 

FAT-MAKING FOODS. 

We need cushions and Avrappings of fat, 
here and there in our hodies, to keep us 



FAT-MAKING FOODS. 



75 



warm and make us comforta'ble. So we must 
have certain kinds of food tliat "will make 
fat. 




Esquimaux catching walrus. 

There are right places and wrong places 
for fat, as well as for other things in this 
Avorld. When alcohol puts fat into the mus- 
cles, that is fat hadly made, and in the Avrong 
place. 

The good fat made for the parts of the 



76 WHAT DOES THE BODY NEED FOR FOOD? 

body wliicli need it, comes from fat -making 
foods. 

In cold weatlier, we need more fatty food 
tlian we do in summer, just as in cold coun- 
tries people need such, food all tlie time. 

The Esquimaux, who live in the lands ol 
snow^ and ice, catch a great many Avalrus and 
seal, and eat a great deal of fat meat. You 
•would not he A\^ell Linless you ate some fat or 
butter or oil. 

WHAT WILL MAKE FAT? 

Sugar will make fat, and so will starch, 
cream, rice, butter, and fat meat. As milk 
Avill make muscle and fat and hones, it is 
the best kind of food. Here, again, it is the 
earth that sends us our food. Fat meat comes 
from animals well fed on grain and grass ; 
sugar, from sugar-cane, maple-trees, or beets ; 
oil, from olive-trees ; butter, from cream ; and 
starch, from potatoes, and from corn, rice, and 
other grains. 

Green apples and other unripe fruits are 
not yet ready to be eaten. The starch which 
we take for food has to be changed into sugar. 



CANDY. 77 

before it can mix witli tlie "blood and lielp 
feed tlie body. As the sun ripens fruit, it 
cbang-es its starch, to sugar. You can tell 
tliis by the difference in the taste of ripe and 
unripe apples. 

CANDY. 

Most children like candy so Avell, that they 
are in danger of eating more sugar than is 
good for them. You A\^ould starve if fed only 
on sugar. 

We Avould not need to be quite so much 
afraid of a little candy if it ^veTe not for the 
poison Avith "which it is often colored. 

Even ^what is called pure, Avhite candy is 
sometimes not really such. There is a simple 
way by ^wliich you can find this out for 
yourselves. 

If you put a spoonful of sugar into a 
tumbler of T\rater, it ^v\^ill all dissolve and 
disappear. Put a piece of white candy into a 
oumbler of ^water; and, if it is made of pure 
sugar only, it will dissolve and disappear. 

If it is not, you ^vill find at the bottom 
of the tumbler some ^white earth. This is not 



78 WHAT DOES THE BODY NEED FOR FOOD? 

good food for anybody. Candy-makers often 
put it into candy in place of sugar, "because 
it is cheaper tlian sugar. 



REVIEW QUESTIONS. 

1. Why do we need food ? 

2. How do people get water to drink ? 

3. Why is it not safe to drink water that has been standing in lead 

pipes ? 

4. Why is the T^rater of a well that is near a drain or a stable, not 

fit to drink ? 

5. What food do the bones need? 

G. How do we get lime for our bones ? 

7. What is said about salt V 

8. What food do the muscles need ? 

9. Name some flesh-making foods. 

10. Why do we need fat in our bodies ? 

11. What is said of the fat made by alcohol ? 

12. What kinds of food will make good fat ? 
18. What do the Esquimaux eat ? 

14. movr does the sun change unripe fruits? 

15. Why is colored candy often poisonous? 

16. What is sometimes put into white candy ? Why? 

17. How could you show this? 



CHAPTER XII. 

HOW FOOD BECOMES PART OF THE 

BODY. 

^TuIERE, at last, is the bill of fare for our 
<j^^ dinner : 



Koast beef, 


Bread, 


Peaches, 


Potatoes, 


Butter, 


Bananas, 


Tomatoes, 


Salt, 


Oranges, 


ScLuasti, 


"Water, 


Grrapes. 



What must be done first, ^v^itli tlie dif- 
ferent iLinds of food that are to make up this 
dinner ? 

The meat, vegetables, and bread must be 
cooked. Cooking prepares them to be easily 
^\^orked upon by the mouth and stomach. If 
they ^^ere not cooked, this Avork ^^ould be 
very hard. Instead of going on quietly and 
vrithout letting us knov^ any thing about it, 
there v^ould be pains and aches in the over- 
^v\^orked stomach. 



80 HOW FOOD BECOMES PART OF THE BODY. 

The fruit is not cooked by a fire ; but -we 
miglit almost say tlie sun liacL cooked it, for 
tlie sun lias ripened and s^w^eetened it. 

When you are older, some of you may 
have charge of the cooking in your homes. 
You must then rememher that food ^v^ell 
cooked is ^v\^ortli t^vice as much as food poorly 
cooked. 

'^A good cook has more to do with the 
health of the family, than a good doctor." 

THE SALIVA. 

Next to the cooking comes the eating. 

As ^oon as we begin to che^v our food, a 
juice in the mouth, called saliva (saii'va), 
moistens and mixes Avith it. 

Saliva has the Avonderful power of turn- 
ing starch into sugar ; and the starch in our 
food needs to he turned into sugar, before it 
can be taken into the blood. 

Tou can prove for yourselves that saliva 
can turn starch into sugar. Chew slowly a 
piece of dry cracker. The cracker is made 
mostly of starch, because w^heat is full of 
starch. At first, the cracker is dry and 



, SWALLOWING. 81 

tasteless. Soon, lio^vever, you find it tastes 
sweet ; the saliva is cliang-ing' tlie starcli into 
sugar. 

All your food sliould be eaten slowly and 
cliev^ed well, so tliat tlie saliva may be able 
to mix "witli it. Otlierwise, tlie starcli may 
not be changed ; and if one part of your body 
neglects its w^ork, another part ^vill have 
more than its share to do. That is hardly 
fair. 

If you s^wallow your food in a hurry and 
do not let the saliva do its Avork, the stomach 
Vv^ill have extra work. But it ^vill find it 
hard to do more than its own part, and, 
perhaps, ^^ill complain. 

It can not speak in words ; but Avill 
by aching, and that is almost as plain as 
w^ords. 

SWALLOWING. 

Next to the che^ving, comes the swallo^v- 
ing. Is there any thing Avonderful about 
that ? 

We have t^vo passages leading do^vn our 
throats. One is to the lungs, for breath- 



82 HOW FOOD BECOMES PART OF THE BODY. 

ing ; tlie otlier, to tlie stomacli, for sAval- 
lo^v\^iiig". 

Do you -wonder ^wlciy tlie food does not 
sometimes go do^vn tlie -wrong way ? 

Tlie ^vindpiiDe leading to tlie lungs is in 
front of the otlier tulbe. It lias at its top a 
little trap-door. This opens ^when we breathe 
and shuts w^hen we s^wallow, so that the food 
slips over it safely into the passage hehind, 
■which leads to the stomach. 

If you try to speak Avliile you have food 
in your mouth, this little door has to open, 
and some hit of food may slip in. The 
■windpipe T^ill not pass it to the lungs, 
hut tries to force it hack. Then ^ve say the 
food chokes us. If the windpipe can not 
succeed in forcing hack the food, the person 
Avill die. 

HOW THE FOOD IS CARRIED THROUGH THE 

BODY. 

But we -will suppose that the food of our 
dinner has gone safely clown into the stomach. 
There the stomach works it over, and mixes 
in gastric juice, until it is all a gray fluid. 



I 



HOW THE FOOD IS CARRIED, ETC. 83 

No\v it is ready to go into tlie intestines, — 
a long, coiled tube "wMcli leads out of tlie 
stomacli, — from ^vMcli tlie prepared food is 
taken into tlie blood. 

Tlie blood carries it to tlie lieart. Tlie 
lieart pumps it out ^^ith. tlie blood into tlie 
lungs, and tlien all tlirough. tbe body, to 
make bone, and muscle, and skin, and liair, 
and eyes, and brain. 

Besides feeding all tliese parts, tbis dinner 
can lielp to mend any parts tliat may be 
broken. 

Suppose a boy sbould break one of tbe 
bones of liis arm, loLO^^ could it be mended ? 

If you sliould bind togetker tlie two parts 
of a broken stick and leave tkem a -while, do 
you tkink tkey ^would grow together ? 

No, indeed ! 

But the doctor could carefully bind to- 
gether the ends of the broken bone in the 
boy's arm and leave it for awhile, and the 
blood would bring it bone food every day, 
until it had grow^^n together again. 

So a dinner can both make and mend the 
different parts of the body. 



84 HOW FOOD BECOMES PART OF THE BODY. 



REVIEW QUESTIONS. 

1. Wliat shall we have for dinner? 

2. What is the tirst thing to do to our food? 

3. Why do we cook meat and vegetables? 

4. Why do not ripe fruits need cooking? 

5. What is said ahont a good cook? 

6. What is the first thing to do after taking the food into your 

mouth ? 

7. Why must you che'w it ? 

,8. What does the saliva do to the food? 
9. How can you prove that saliva turns starch into sugar? 

10. What happens if the food is not chewed and mixed ^vith the 

saliva ? 

11. What comes next to the chewing? 

12. What is there T^^onderful about swallowing? 

13. AYhat must you be careful about, when you are swallowing? 

14. What happens to the food after it is swallowed? 

15. Ho^vv is it changed in the stomach? 

16. What carries the food to every part of the body? 

17. How can food mend a bone? 



CHAPTEE XIII. 

STRENGTH. 

"^Tfi^TERE are tlie names of some of tlie dif- 
<zxhr ferent kinds of food. If you write tliem 
on tlie blackboard or on your slates, it will 
lielp yon to remember tliem. 

Water. Salt, Lime, 

Meat, \ Sugar, 

Milk, j Starcli, 

Eggs, ( ^ ^ Fat, ) for fat and lieat. 

^i^r^ 4- ) for muscles. r^,,^o-.^ 
Wheat, i Cream, 

Corn, I Oil, 

Oats, / 

Perliaps some of yon noticed tliat we liad 
no wine, beer, nor any drink tbat bad alcobol 
in it, on our bill of fare for dinner. We bad 
no cigars, eitber, to be smoked after dinner. 
If tbese are good tbings, we ought to bave 
bad tbem. AVby did we leave tbem out? 

We should eat in order to grow strong and heep 
strong. 



86 STRENGTH. 

STRENGTH OF BODY. 

If you Avaiitecl to measure your strength., 
one "way of doing so "would be to fasten a 
lieavy Aveiglit to one end of a rope and pass 
tlie rope over a pulley. 

Then you might take hold at the other 
end of the rope and pull as hard and 
steadily as you could, marking the place to 
■which you raised the "weight. 

By trying this once a w^eek, or once a 
month, you "would he ahle to tell by the 
marks, whether you Avere gaining strength, 
and ahout how much. 

But liow^ can we gain strength ? 

We must exercise in the open air, and 
take pure air into our lungs to lielx^ purify 
our blood, and plenty of exercise to make 
our muscles grow^ 

Gentle exercise does the most good, w^hile 
violent exercise is likelj^ to make us too 
tired and so do harm. 

Exercise should be taken every day, and 
not once in t^vo or three days. Grow^th of 
the muscles depends upon steady use. 



STRENGTH OF BODY. 87 

All tlie pleasant games that do not fatigue, 
afford tlie "best exercise. We need different 
kinds of exercise, so tliat all parts of tlie 
body may liave tlieir sliare. 

We slionld not exercise jnst before ^ve eat. 
Neitlier is it ^vell to exercise after "we liave 
taken a full meal. 

We must eat good and simple food, tliat 
the blood may have supplies to take to every 
part of the body. 

People used to think that alcohol made 
them strong. 

Can alcohol make good muscles, or bone, 
or nerve, or brain ? 

You have already answered ''No!" to each 
of these questions. 

If it can not make muscles, nor bone, nor 
nerve, nor brain, it can not give you any 
strength. 

Some people may tell you that drinking 
beer "will make you strong. 

The grain from which the beer is made, 
would have given you strength. If you 
should measure your strength before and 
after 3^ou had been drinking beer, you would 



88 STRENGTH. 

find tliat 5^011 liacl not g^ained any. Most of 
tlie food part of tlie grain lias been turned 
into alcohol. 

Tlie juice of crushed apples, you kno^v, is 
called cider. As soon as tlie cider heglns to 
turn sour, or ''liard," as people say, alcohol 
begins to form in it. 

Piire water is good, and apples are good. 
But the apple-juice begins to be harmful as 
soon as there is the least drop of alcohol 111 it. 
In cider-making, the alcohol forms in the 
juice, 3^011 knoAV, in a fe^v hours after it is 
pressed out of the apples. 

None of the drinks in \vliicli there is alco- 
hol, can give 3^ou real strength. 

Then Avliy do people think they can ? 

Because they put the nerves to sleep, the 
nerves can not, truly, tell the brain lio^w hard 
the ^v\^ork is, or lio^v lieavj^ the Aveight to 
be lifted. 

In this Avay, men are cheated into think- 
ing tliej" can do more than they really can. 

This -false feeling of strength lasts only 
a little Avhile. When it has passed, men feel 
^veaker than before. 



STPtENGTH OF MIND. 89 



STRENGTH OF MIND. 

We liave been talking* about tlie strength, 
o^ muscles ; but tlie very best kind of strength. 
we have is brain strength, or strength of 
mind. 

Drunkenness deadens the nerves, so that 
tliey can not carry their messages correctly. 
Then the brain can not think well. 

Some people have little or no money, and 
no hoLises or lands; but every person ought 
to o^^n a body and a mind that can Avork for 
him, and make him useful and happy. 

Suppose you have a strong, healthy body, 
hands that are Avell-trained to ^v\^ork, and a 
clear, thinking brain to be master of the 
w^hole. 

Would you be ^villing to change places 
^with a man Avhose body and mind have been 
poisoned by alcoliol, tobacco, and opium, even 
though he lived in a palace, and had a 
million of dollars ? 

If you Tv^ant a mind that can study, under- 
stand, and think well, do not let any thing 
interfere witli its proper action. 



90 STRENGTH. 



REVIEW QUESTIONS. 

1. What things were left out of our hill of fare ? 

2. How could you measure your strength ? 

3. How can you gain strength ? 

4. What kind of exercise is the best? 

5. Why do Ave need different kinds of exercise? 

6. At what times should we not exercise ? 

7. What is the best kind of strength to have? 



CHAPTER XIT. 

THE HEART. 

;HE lieart is in the cliest, tlie upper part 
of tlie strong box A^^llicll tlie ribs, spine, 
slioulcler- blades, and collar-bones make for 
each, of ns. 

It is made of very thick, strong* muscles, 
as you can see by looking* at a beef's heart, 
^vNThich is much like a man's, but larg-er. 

HOW THE HEART WORKS. 

Probably some of you have seen a fire- 
engine thro^^^ing a stream of water through 
a hose upon a burning building. 

As the engine forces the Avater through 
the hose, so the heart, by the "working of its 
strong muscles, pumps the blood through 
tubes, shaped like hose, ^vhich lead by thou- 
sands of little branches all through the body. 
These tubes are called arteries (ar'ter iz). 



92 THE HEART. 

Those tubes Avliicli "bring tlie blood back 
again to tbe lieart, are called veins (vanz). You 
can see some of tlie smaller veins in your 
Avrist. 

If you press your linger upon an artery in 
your "wrist, you can feel tlie steady beating of 
tbe pulse. This tells just liow fast tlie lieart 
is pumping and tlie blood fio^wing. 

Tlie doctor feels your iiulse Avlien you are 
sick, to find out Avlietlier tlie lieart is A\^orking 
too fast, or too slow^ly, or just right. 

Some Avay is needed to send the gray fluid 
that is made from the food ^ve eat and 
drink, to every part of the body. 

To send the food Avitli the blood is a sure 
^vay of making it reach every part. 

So, when the stomach has prepared the 
food, the blood takes it up and carries it to 
every part of the bod3\ It then leaves ^witli 
each part, just ^vhat it needs. 

THE BLOOD AND THE BRAIN. 

As the brain has so much work to attend 
to, it luust have very pure, good blood sent 
to it, to keep it strong. Good blood is made 



DOES ALCOHOL DO ANY HARM? 93 

from good food. It can not be good if it lias 
been poisoned. 

We must also remember tliat tlie brain 
needs a great deal of blood. If y^e take alco- 
hol into our blood, mucli of it goes to the 
brain. There it affects the nerves, and makes 
a man lose control over his actions. 

EXERCISE. 

When you run, you can feel your heart 
beating. It gets an instant of rest bet^v^een 
the beats. 

Good exercise in the fresh air makes the 
heart Avork Avell and "v\^arms the body better 
than a Are could do. 

HEART TROUBLE. 

Your heart is made of muscle. You knoAV 
^vhat harm alcohol does to the muscles. 

Oould a fatty heart ^v^^ork as ^^ell as a mus- 
cular heart? No more than a fatty arm could 
do the work of a muscular arm. Besides, alco- 
hol makes the heart beat too fast, and so it 
gets too tired. 



94 THE HEART. 



REVIE^A^ QUESTIONS. 

1. "Where is the heart placed? 

2. Of what is it made ? 

3. What work does it do ? 

4. What are arteries and veins? 

5. What does the pulse tell us? 

6. How does the food we eat reach all parts of the body? 

7. When does the heart rest? 

8. How does exercise in the fresh air help the heart ? 



CHAPTEK XV. 

THE LUNGS. 

JHE blood flows all tlirougli tlie body, car- 
rying good food to every part. It also 
gatliers up from every part tlie v^orn-out 
matter that can no loi;Lger be used. By tlie 
time it is ready to be sent back by tlie A^eins, 
tlie blood is no longer pure and red. It is 
dull and blnisli in color, because it is full of 
imi3urities. 

If you look at tlie veins in your Avrist, you 
Avill see tliat tbey look blue. 

If all tills bad blood goes back to tlie 
lieart, Avill tire keart liave to pump out bad 
blood next time ? No, for tlie keart lias neigli- 
bors very near at liand, ready to ckange tke 
bad blood to pure, red blood again. 

THE LUNGS. 

Tliese neiglibors are tke lungs. They are 



96 



THE LUNGS. 



in tlie cliest on eacli side of the lieart. AVlien 
you breatlie, tlieir little air-eells swell ont, or 
expand, to take in tlie air Tlien tliey con- 




The lungs, hearty and air-passages. 



tract again, and tlie air passes out tlirougii 
your moutli or nose. Tlie lungs must liave 
plenty of fresli air, and lAentY of room to 
T\^ork in. 

If your clotlres are too tiglit and tlie lungs 
do not liave room to expand, they can not 
take in so much air as tliey should. Then 



CARE OF THE LUNGS. OT 

the blood can not be made pure, and tlie 
"wliole body Avill sLiffer. 

For every good breatli of fresli air, tlie 
lungs take in, tliey send out one of impure 
air. 

In tbis Avay, Ijy taking out v/liat is bad, 
tliey prepare the blood to go back to tlie lieart 
pure and red, and to be pumped out tlirougli 
the body again. 

Ho^v tlie lungs can use tlie fresli air for 
doing this good Avork, you can not 37-et under- 
stand. By and by, Allien you are older, you 
Avill learn more about it. 

CARE OF THE LUNGS. 

Do the lungs ever rest ? 

You never stop breathing, not even in the 
night. But if you Avatch your OAvn breath- 
ing you will notice a little pause bet^veen 
the breaths. Each pause is a rest. But the 
lungs are very steady ^v^^orkers, both by night 
and by day. The least we can do for them, 
is to give them fresh air and iilenty of room 
to Avork in. 

Tou may say: ''We can't give them more 



98 THE LUNGS. 

room tlian tliey liave. They are ^^liut ui3 in 
our cliests." 

I liave seen people avIio Avore sucli tiglit 
clotlies tliat tlieir lung's did not have room 
to take a full hreath. If any i)art of the 
lungs can not expand, it Avill become useless. 
If your lungs can not take in air enoug-h to 
purify the hlood, you can not be so ^vell 
and strong as God intended, and your life 
"Will be shortened. 

If some one ^vas se^wing for you, you would 
not think of shutting her up in a little place 
^where, she could not move her hands freely. 
The lungs are breathing for you, and need 
room enough to do tlieir ^^^ork. 

THE AIR. 

The lungs breathe out the Avaste matter 
that tliey have taken from the blood. This 
^vaste matter poisons the air. If we should 
close all the doors and w^indows, and the fire- 
place or opening into the chimney, and leave 
not even a crack by Avhicli the fresh air could 
come in, we ^v^^ould die simply from staying in 
such a room. The lungs could not do their 



THE air; 99 

^work for tlae blood, and the blood could not 
do its Avork for tlie body. 

Impure air "will i3oison yoLi. Tou sliou.ld 
not breatlie it. If your bead aclies, and you 
feel dull and sleepy from being- in a close 
room, a run in tlie fresli air y^ill make yoLi 
feel better. 

Tlie good, pure air makes your blood pure ; 
and tlie blood tlien flows quickly tlirougli 
your Avliole bodj^ and refreslies every jiart. 

"We must be careful not to stay in close 
rooms in tlie day-time, nor sleep in close 
rooms at nigbt. We must not keep out tlie 
fresb air tbat our bodies so mucli need. 

It is better to breatlie tlirougli tlie nose 
tlian tlirougli tbe nioutli. You can soon 
learn to do so, if 3'ou try to keep your nioutli 
sliut Avlien Avalking' or running. 

If you keep tlie moutli sbut and breatlie 
tlirougli tlie nose, tbe little liairs on tlie in- 
side of tlie nose Avill catcli tlie dust or otlier 
impurities tbat are floating in the air, and so 
save their going to the lungs. You v^ill get 
out of breath less quickly v^lien running* if 
you keep your mouth shut. 



100 THE LUNGS. 

DOES ALCOHOL DO ANY HARM TO THE LUNGS? 

Tlie little air-cells of tlie lungs liave very 
delicate iTiLiscular (mus'ku lar) Avails. Every 
time Vv^e breatlie, tliese v^alls liave to move. 
The muscles of tlie cliest must also move, as 
you can all notice in 3'ourselves, as you Ibreatlie. 

All tills muscular ^voi'k, as Avell as tliat of 
tlie stomacli and lieart, is directed by tlie 
nerves. 

You liave learned alread3^ Avliat alcoliol 
■will do to muscles and nerves, so you are 
ready to ans^ver for stomacli, for heart, and 
for lungs. Is alcoliol a lielp to tliem ? 



REVIEW QUESTIONS. 

1. Besides carr^^ing food all over tlie body, wliat other work does 

tlie blood do ? 

2. Why does the blood in the veins look bine? 

8. Where is the blood made pure and red again ? 

4. Where is it sent, from the lungs? 

5. What must the lungs have in order to do this work ? 

6. When do the lungs rest? 

7. "Why should we not wear tight clothes? 

8. How does the air in a room become spoiled? 

9. How can we keep it fresh and pure ? 

10. How should we breathe ? 

11. Why is it better to breathe through the nose than through the 

mouth ? 

12. Why is alcohol not good for the lungs ? 



CHAPTER XT I. 

THE SKIN. 

JHERE is anotlier part of your body car- 
rying- away ^A^aste matter all tlie time — 
it is tlie sMn. 

Tlie body is covered "witli skin. It is also 
lined "witlr a more delicate kind of skin. You 
can see Avlrere tlie outside»skin and tlie lining 
skin meet at your lips. 

Tliere is a tbin outside layer of skin 
^wbicli ^ve can pull off Avitbout burting 
ourselves ; but I advise you not to do so. 
Because under tlie outside skin is tlie true 
skin, "wbicli is so full of little nerves tliat it 
Avill feel tlie least toucb as pain. Wben tbe 
outer skin, ^whicb. iirotects it, is torn a^v^ay, 
y^e must cover tbe true skin to keep it from 
liarm. 

In liot "v^eatber, or "wlien any one lias been 
^working" or playing bard, tbe face, and some- 



102 



THE SKIN, 



times tlie ^w^liole body, is covered ^vitli little 
drops of -water. We call these drops perspi- 
ration (per spi ra^ shun). 

Wliere does it come 
froiXL ? It comes tlirongli 
many tiny lioles in tlie 
skin, called pores (porz). 
Every pore is tlie montli 
of a tiny tnLe A\^]iicli is car- 
rying off waste mattei' and 
water from j^onr bodj'. If 
you could piece tog-etlier 
all tliese little perspiration 
tubes tliat are in tlie skin 
of one person, they Avould 
make a line more than 
three miles long. 

Sometimes, you can not 
see the perspiration, he- 
cause there is not enough 
of it to form drops. But it is al^svays coming 
out through 3"our skin, both in T^inter and 
summer. Your body is kei^t healthy by hav- 
ing its -worn-out :natter carried off in this 
way, as v^ell as in other v^ays. 




CARE OF THE SKIN. JOS 

THE NAILS. 

The nails gYo^v from tlie skin. 

Tlie finger nails are little sMelds to pro- 
tect tlie ends of your fingers from getting^ 
linrt. These finger ends are full of tiny 
nerves, and Avonld he hadly off ^vithout snch 
shields. No one likes to see nails that have 
heen hitten. 

CARE OF THE SKIN. 

Waste matter is all the time passing ont 
through the perspiration tubes in the skin. 
This Vv^aste matter must not he left to clog up 
the little openings of the tubes. It should he 
^^aslied off Avith soap and ^vater. 

When children have heen playing out-of- 
doors, they often have very dirty hands and 
faces. Any one can see, then, that they need 
to he ^washed. But even if they had heen in 
the cleanest place all day and had not 
touched any thing dirty, they ^vvould still 
need the w^ashing ; for the waste matter that 
comes from the inside of the hody is just as 
hurtful as the mud or dust of the street. You 



104 THE SKIN. 

do not see it so plainly, because it comes out 
very little at a time. AYasli it off Avell, and 
your skin will be fresli and liealtliy, and able 
to do its Avork. If tlie skin could not do its 
"w^ork, you AvoLild die. 

Do not keei3 on j^our rubber boots or 
slioes all tliroug*li scliool-time. Rubber will 
not let the perspiration ])ass off, so tbe little 
pores get clogged and your feet begin to feel 
uncomfortable, or your liead may aclie. No 
part can fail to do its ^vork "without causing 
trouble to the rest of the body. But 3"ou 
should alAvays Avear rubbers out-of-doors 
when the ground is ^vet, Certainly, they 
are very useful then. 

When you are out in the fresh air, you are 
giving the other i3arts of your body such a 
good chance to perspire, that your feet can 
bear a little shutting up. But as soon as you 
come into the house, take the rubbers off. 

Now that 3^ou knoTv^ what the skin is do- 
ing all the time, you will understand that 
the clothes "worn next to your skin are full 
of little worn-out particles, brought out by 
the perspiration. When these clothes are 



WORK OF THE BODY. 105 

taken off at niglit. they slioiilcl be so spread 
out, tliat tliey "\vill air ^vell before morn- 
ing. Never ^vear any of tlie clotlres tlirougli 
tire niglit, tliat yoLi liave ^vorn during tlie 
day. 

Do not roll up j^our niglit- dress in tlie 
morning and put it under your pillo^v. Give 
it first a good airing at tlie Avindo^v and tlien 
liang it Avliere tlie air can reacli it all day. 
By so doing, 3^ou "will liave s^veeter sleep ?tt 
niglit. 

You are old enougli to tlirov^ tlie bed- 
clotlies off from tlie bed, before leaving your 
rooms in tlie morning. In tliis Avay, the bed 
and bed-clothes may have a good airing. Be 
sure to give them time enough for this. 

WORK OF THE BODY. 

You have now learned about four imyjor- 
tant kinds of Avork :— 

1st. The stomach prepares the food for the 
blood to take. 

2d. The blood is pumped out of the heart 
to carrj" food to every i^art of the body, and 
to take away Avorn-out matter. 



106 THE SKIN. 

Sd. The lung-s use fresli air in making tlie 
dark, impure blood, briglit and pure again. 

4tli. Tlie skin carries away Avaste matter 
tlirougli tlie little perspiration tubes. 

All tills ^vork goes on, day and night, 
^v^itliout our needing to tliink about it at all ; 
for messages are sent to tlie muscles by tlie 
nerves ^v\^liicli keep tliem faitlifully at ^vv^ork, 
■wlietlier Ave kno^v it or not. 



REVIEW QUESTIONS. 

1. What covers the body? 

2. Yv^hat lines the body? 

3. Where are the nerves of the skin ? 

4. What is perspiration ? What is the common name for it ? 

5. What are the pores of the skin? 

G. How does the perspiration help to keep you well? 
T. Of what use are the nails? 

8. How should they be kept? 

9. What care should be taken of the skin ? 

10. Why should you not vrear rubber boots or overshoes in the 

house ? 

11. Why should you change under-clothing night and morning ? 

12. Where should the night-dress be placed in the morning? 

13. What should be done with the bed-clothes? Why? 

14. Name the four kinds of work about which you have learned. 

15. How are the organs of the body kept at work? 



OHAPTEE XVII. 

THE SENSES. 

T^l^7E liave five ways of learning" abont all 
A^ tilings around ns. We can see tliein, 
toncli tliem, taste tliem, smell tliem, or liear 
ttLem. Siglit, toiicli, taste, smell, and liear- 
Ing, are called tlie five senses. 

Yon already kno\v sometliing al3ont tlieni, 
for yon are rising tliem all tlie time. 

In tMs lesson, yon ^w^ill learn a little more 
about seeing and hearing. 

THE EYES. 

In tlie middle of your eye is a round, 
black spot, called tlie pupil. This pupil is 
only a hole ^\^ith a muscle around it. When 
you are in the light, the muscle dra'ws up, 
and makes the pupil small, because you can 
get all the light you need through a small 
opening. When you are in the dark, the 



108 



THE SENSES. 



muscle st re belies, and oi3eiis tlie pupil Avicle to 
let in more liglit. 

Tlie pupils of tlie cat's eyes are very large 

in tlie dark. Tliey 
want all tlie liglit 
tliey can get, to see 
if tliere are any mice 
about. 

TloLC pupil of tlie 
eye opens into a 
little, round room 
Avliere tlie nerve of 
siglit is. Tills is a 
safe place for tliis delicate nerve, A\^liicli can 
not bear too mucli liglit. It carries to tlie 
brain an account of every tiling Ave see. 

We miglit say tlie eye is taking pictures 
for us all da;^-" long, and tliat tlie nerve of 
siglit is describing tliese pictures to tlie brain. 




The eijelashes and the tear-glands. 



CARE OF THE EYES. 

The nerves of siglit need great care, for 
tliej^ are A^ery delicate. 

D(3 not face a briglit liglit aa^Iich you are 
reading or studying. Wliile Avriting, you 



CARE OF THE EYES. 109 

slioulcl sit SO tliat tlie liglit will come from 
tlie left side ; tlieii the sliaclow of your liaiicl 
-will not fall Lipoii your -work. 

One or t^vo true stories may lielp you to 
remember tliat you must take good care ot' 
your eyes. 

Tlie nerve of sig-lit can not bear too briglit 
a liglit. It asks to liave tlie pupil made 
small, and even tlie eyelid curtains put down, 
^vlien tne light is too strong. 

Once, there "was a Tboy "who said boastfully 
to his playmates: ''Let us see "which of us 
can look straight at the sun for the longest 
time." 

Then they foolishly began to look at the 
sun. The delicate nerves of sight felt a sharp 
pain, and begged to have the pupils made as 
small as possible and the eyelid curtains put 
doAvn. 

But the foolish boys said ''No." They were 
trying to see Avliich Avould bear it the longest. 
Great harm was done to the brains as ^v\^ell 
as eyes of both these boys. The one Avho 
looked longest at the sun died in conse- 
quence of his foolish act. 



110 THE SENSES. 

The second story is about a little boy wlio 
tried to turn liis eyes to imitate a sciiool- 
mate wlio w^as cross-eyed. He turned tlieni ; 
but lie could not turn tlieni back again. 
Altliougb lie is no^v a gentleman more tlian 
fifty years old and lias liad niucli painful 
Avork done uiion liis eyes, the doctors have 
never been able to set them quite right. 

You see from the first story, that you 
must be careful not t(j give your eyes too 
much light. But you must also be sure to 
give them light enough. 

When one tries to read in the t^vilight, 
the little nerve of sight says: ''Give me more 
light ; I am hurt, by trying to see in the 
dark." 

If you should kill these delicate nerves, no 
others would ever grov^ in place of them, and 
you Avould never be able to see again. 

THE EARS. 

What you call your ears are only pieces of 
gristle, so curved as to catch the sounds and 
pass them along to the true ears. These are 
deeper in the head, where the nerve of hear- 



CARE OF THE EARS. Ill 

ing is Avaiting to send an account of each. 
sound to tlie brain. 

CARE OF THE EARS. 

The ear nerve is in less danger tlian tliat 
of the eye. Careless children sometimes iDut 
pins into their ears and so hreak the ''drum." 
That is a very had thing to do. Use only a 
soft toAvel in v^ashing your ears. You should 
never i3ut any thing hard or sharx3 into them. 

I must tell you a short ear story, about 
my father, ■\vhen he ^vas a small hoy. 

One day, Avhen playing on the floor, he 
laid his ear to the crack of the door, to feel 
the "wind hlo^v into it. He Avas so young that 
he did not kno^v it Avas Avrong ; hut the next 
day he had the earache severely. Although 
he lived to he an old man, he often had 
the earache. He thought it began from the 
time Avhen the Avind ble^v into his ear from 
under that dooi*. 

THE SENSES. 

All this fine Avork of touching, tasting, see- 
ing, smelling, and hearing, is nerve "work. 



112 THE SENSES. 

Tlie man aa^Iio is in tlie Inibit of Lising alco- 
liolic clrinl^s to excess can not toucli, taste, 
see, smell, or liear so Avell as lie ouglit. His 
hands tremble, liis speecli is sometimes tliick, 
and often lie can not Avalk straiglit. Some- 
times, lie tliinks lie sees tilings Avlien lie 
does not, because liis poor nerves are so con- 
fused by alcoliol tliat tliey can not do their 
Avork. 

Answer now^ for your taste, smell, and 
touch, and also for your sight and hearing ; 
should their beautiful work be spoiled by 
injurious habits ? 



REVIEW QUESTIONS. 

1. Name the five senses. 

2. What is the pupil of the eye? 

3. How is it made larger or smaller? 

4. Why does it change in size? 

5. What can a cat's eyes do? . • 

6. Where is the nerve of the eye ? 

7. What V7"ork does it do? 

8. Why must one be careful of his eyes ? 

9. Where should the light he for reading or studying? 

10. Tell the story of the hoys who looked at the sun. 

11. Tell the story of the hoy who made himself cross-eyed. 

12. Why should you not read in the twilight ? 

13. What would he the result, if you should kill the nerves of sight? 
11. Where are the true ears ? 

15. How may the nerves of hearing he injured? 

16. Tell the story of the hoy who injured his ear. 

17. How is the work of the senses affected hy excessive drinking V 



CHAPTEE XV III. 

HEAT AND COLD. 
WHAT MAKES US WARM? 

^' lj^4^T thick, Avarm clotlies make ine A^^a^In," 
'=^=^^ says some cMld. 

ISTo ! Yovlt tliick, Avarm olotkes keep 3^011 
■warm. Tliey do not make you Avarm. 

Take a brisk run, and your Iblood lA^ill fLoA\^ 
faster and you "will be Avarm very quicklj^. 

On a cold day, tlie teamster claps liis 
liands and savings liis arms to make liis blood 
floA\^ quickly and Avarm liim. 

Every cbild knoAvs tliat Ire is Avarm inside ; 
for if liis fingers are cold, lie puts tliem into 
liis moutli to Avarm tliem.. 

If you sliould put a little tliermometer 
into your moutli, or under your tongue, tlie 
mercury (mer'kupy) Avould rise as liigh. as it 
does out of doors on a liot, summer day. 



114 HEAT AND COLD. 

This "would be tlie same in suinraer or 
^winter, in a Avarni country or a cold one, if 
yoLi -were ^^^ell and tlie w^ork of your body Avas 
going on steadily. 

WHERE DOES THIS HEAT COME FROM? 

Some of tlie work ^vliicli is all tlie time 
going on inside yoLir body, makes tbis heat. 

The blood is thus Alarmed, and then it 
carries the heat to every part of the body. 
The faster the blood floAvs, the more heat it 
brings, and the Avarmer ^ve feel. 

In children, the heart pumps from eighty 
to ninety times a minute. 

This is faster than it ^vorks in old people, 
and this is one reason ^vl1y children are gen- 
erally much warmer than old people. 

But w^e are losing heat all the time. 

You may breathe in cold air ; but that 
^wliich you breathe out is warm. A great deal 
of heat from jomt Avarm body is all the time 
passing off through your skin, into the cooler 
air about you. For this reason, a room full 
of people is much A\^armer than the same 
room -when empty. 



CLOTHING. 115 



CLOTHING. 



We put on clotlies to keep in tlie lieat 
^\^liicli Avc alreadjT- liave, and to prevent tlie 
cold air from reacliing onr skins and carry- 
ing* off too mncli lieat in tliat ^vay. 

Most of you cliildren are too young to 
ckoose Avliat clotkes you will Avear. Others 
decide for you. You know, lio^^ever, tliat 
woolen under-garments keep you ^v^^arm in 
■winter, and tliat tliick boots and stockings 
sliould be "v\^o^n in cold "weatlier. TMn dresses 
or boots may look pretty ; but tliey are not 
safe for Avinter ^vvear, even at a party. 

A liealtby, bappy cbild, dressed in clotlies 
wbicb are suitable for tbe season, is pleas- 
aiiter to look at tban one wbose dress, tliougb. 
ricli and liandsome, is not Avarm enougli for 
liealtli or coinfort. 

Wben you feel cold, take exercise, if pos- 
sible. This will make the hot blood fiov^ all 
through your body and -warm it. If you can 
not, you should put on more clothes, go to 
a ^svarm room, in some ^vay get ^^arm and 
keep M^arm, or the cold will make you sick. 



116 HEAT AND COLD. - 

TAKING COLD. 

If your skin is cliillecl, tlie tiny moiitlis 
of tlie perspiration tubes are sometimes closed 
and can not tliro\^ out tlie Avaste matter. 
Then, if one part fails to do its T\^ork, otlier 
parts must suffer. Perliaps tlie inside skin 
becomes inflamed, or tlie tliroat and lungs, 
and you liave a cold, or a cougli. 

ALCOHOL AND COLD. 

People used to tliiiik tliat notliing- ^v\rould 
\^arm one so Avell on a cold day, as a glass 
of -wliiskey, or otlier alcoliolic drink. 

It is true tliat, if a person ^drinks a little 
alcoliol, lie Avill feel a burning in tlie tliroat, 
and loresently a glowing lieat on tlie skin. 

Tlie alcokol lias made tlie liot blood rusli 
into tlie tiny tubes near tlie skin, and be 
tliinks it lias Avarmed bim. 

But if all tills beat comes to tlie skin, tbe 
cold air bas a cliance to carrj^ a^vay more 
tban usual. In a very little time, tbe 
drinker ^vill be colder tban before. Perbaps 
be Avill not knoT^^ it ; for tbe cbeating alcobol 



ALCOHOL AN DCOLD. 11' 



Avill liave deadened liis nerves so tliat tliey 
send no message to tlie brain. Then lie may 
not liave sense enough to put on more cloth- 
ing and may freeze. He may even, if it is 
very cold, freeze to death. 



R E V I E V/ QUESTIONS. 

1. Why do you ^vear thick clothes in cold Tveather? 

2. How can you prove that you are warm inside ? 

3. What makes this heat ? 

4. What carries this heat through 3^our body? 

5. HoT^ rapidl3^ does your heart heat? 

6. How are 3"OU losing" heat all the time? 

7. How can you "warm yourself without going* to the fire ? 

8. Will alcohol make you warmer, or colder? 

9. How does it cheat you into thinking that you will be warmer 

for drinking it ? 




^CHAPTER XIX. 

WASTED MONEY. 
COST OF ALCOHOL. 

'OW tliat you liave learned about yoLir 
. ^l? "bodies, and ^^b.at alcobol "will do to 
tbeni, you oug-bt also to kno^v tbat alcobol 
costs a great deal of money. Money spent for 
tbat Avbicb Avill do no good, but only barm, 
is certainly Avasted, and Avorse tban "wasted. 

If a boy or a girl save ten cents a ^\^eek, 
it "will take ten ^veeks to save a dollar. 

You can all tbink of many good and pleas- 
ant w^ays to spend a dollar. Wbat "would tbe 
beer-drinker do "witb it ? If be takes t^^^o 
mugs of beer a day, tbe dollar "will be used 
UX3 in ten days. But ^ve ougbt not to say 
used, because tbat ^vord "will make us tbink 
it was spent usefully. We "will say, instead, 
tbe dollar ^vill be v^asted, in ten days. 



^COST OF TOBACCO. 119 

If lie spends it for wliiskej^, it Avill go 
sooner, as tliese cost more. If no money Avas 
spent for liquor in this country, people "would 
not so often be sick, or poor, or bad, or 
^wretclied. We should not need so man3" po- 
licemen, and jails, and prisons, as Ave have 
nov^. If no liquor Avas drLink, men, Avomen, 
and children Avould he better and happier. 

COST OF TOBACCO. 

Most of you have a little money of your 
own. Perhaps you earned a part, or the 
■\vhole of it, yourselves. Tou are planning 
■what to do Avith it, and that is a very pleasant 
kind of planning. 

Do you think it would be A\dse to make 
a dollar bill into a tight little roll, light one 
end of it v^ith a match, and then let it 
sloA^^ly burn up ? That would be Avasting it, 
you say ! {See Frontispiece.) 

Yes ! it v^oulcL be vv^asted, if thus burned. 
It w^ould be v^orse than v/asted, if, w^hile burn- 
ing, it should also hurt the person who held 
it. If you should buy cigars or tobacco with 
your dollar, and smoke them, you could soon 



120 WASTED MONEY. 

burn up tlie dollar and liurt j^ourselves 
besides. 

Can you count a million ? Can j^ou count 
a liundred millions ? Try some day to do tliis 
counting. Then, Avlien j^ou begin to liave 
some idea lio^v mucli six liundred millions is, 
remember tliat six liundred million dollars 
are spent in tbis country every year for to- 
bacco — burned up — ^vasted — T\rorse than "wasted. 

Do 3^ou think the farmer Avho planted to- 
bacco instead of corn, did any good to the 
^Yorld by the change ? 



REVIE\A/ QUESTIONS. 

1. How may one waste money ? 

2. Name some good ways for spending money. 

3. How does the liquor-drinker spend his money? 

4. What could we do, if no money ^^as spent for liquor ? 

5. Tell two ^vays in which you could hurn up a dollar hill. 

6. Which would he the safer way ? 

7. How much money is spent for tobacco, yearly, in this country ? 



